2022年全国硕士硏究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案

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2022年全国硕士硏究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglislishDirection:Readthe following text Choosethe best

2022年全国硕士硏究生入学统一考试
英语（二）试题

Section I Use of Englislish
Direction: Read the following text.. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D
on the ANSWER SHEET- (10points}
Harlan Coben believes that if you^e a writer, you'll find the time; and that if you can't find the time, then writing isn't a priori^ and you*re not a writeL For him writing is a 1 job-a job like any other He has 2  it with plumbing, pointing out thal a plumber doesn't wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.
3 , like most writers these days, you're holding down a job to pay the bills, it’s not _4 to find the time to write. But it’s not impossible. It requires determinalion and single-mindedness. 5    that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are familly     6     often have to do other woik to 7      their writing income.
As Harlan Coben has suggested, it's a 8     of priorities. To make writing a priority, you'll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10    and your lifestyle, that might mean spending  less time watching televison or listening to music, though some people  can write 11    they listen to music. You might have to 12    the amount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to make social media an 13       activity ralher than a daily, time-consuming 14     There’ll probably have to be less socialising with your fnends an less time with your family. It's a 15      learning curve and it won^’t always make you popular.
There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16      your writing—and that's reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one 17      supporter—something you can’t do without
Time is finite. The older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefiilly and as 19 as we can, that means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you^'re a writer, that means— 20      一writing.

1.	[A]	difficult	[B]	normal	[C] steady	[D] pleasant
2.	[A]	combined	[Bl	compared	[C] confused	[D] confronted
3.	[A]	If	[Bl	Though	[C] Once	[D] Unless
4.	[A]	enough	[Bl	strange	[C] wrong	[D] easy
5-	[A]	Accepl	[Bl	Explain	[C] Remember	[D] Suppose
6.	[A]	well-known	[Bl	well-advised	[C] well-inf cmned	[D] well-chosen
7.	[A]	donate	[Bl	generates	[C] supplement	[D] calculate
8.	[A]	cause	[Bl	purpose	[C] question	[D] condition
9.	[A]	highlight	[Bl	sacrifice	[C] continue	[D] explore

10.	[A]	relations	[B]	interests	[C] memories	[D] skills
11.	[A]	until	[Bl	Because	[C] while	[D] before
12.	[A]	Put up with	[Bl	Make up for	[C] hang on to	[D] cut down on
13.	[A]	Intelligent	[Bl	Occasional	[C] intensive	[D] emotional
14.	[A]	Habit	[Bl	Test	[C] decision	[D] plan
15..	[A]	Tough	[Bl	Gentle	[C] rapid	[D] funny
16.	[A]	In place of	[Bl	In charge of	[C] in response of	[D] in addition to
17.	[A]	Indispensable	[Bl	Innovative	[C] invisible	[D] instant
18.	[A]	Duller	[Bl	Harder	[C] quieter	[D] quicker
19.	[A]	Peacefully	[Bl	Generously	[C] productively	[D] gratefully
20.	[A]	At most	[Bl	In turn	[C] on average	[D] above all

Section U Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Textl
On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked can Others drink water with the cows_ This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.
Hiese eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.
“I'm excited about our progress,^ says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets fbr the chickens to eat The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our hens to fbiage fbr higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that wesupply to our customers."
The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supennaiket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.
Regenerative products could be a bard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such fanning also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).
The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment Young adults ^really care about the planet/ says John Brumquell, president of Egg Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they^e doing"

the climate-friendly eggs are produced

at a considerably Low cost
at the demand of regular shoppers.
as a replacement for organic eggs.
on specially designed forms.

Larry is excited about his progress in

reducing the damage of.
accelerating the disposal of uses.
crealing a sustainable system.
attracting customers to his products.

The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 1 to suggest

the doubts to over natural feeds.
the set backs in the eggs industry^，
the potential of regenerative prcxiucts.
the promotional success of super markets.

It can be learned from the paragraph that young people .

are reluclaui to change their diet.
ate likely lo buy climate-friendly eggs.
are curious about new food
are amazed at agricultural advances.

John Bruimquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products

markets prospects.
standard definition
market prospect
moral implication.

Text 2
More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that thieatens to upend the old woorforce model
One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring-said they would be employed in theii later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

Financial needs aren't the only culprit fbr the "umetirement" trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fiilfiUment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretire" respondents said that they would retuni to work once retiied to keep menially fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet Can Congress save the economy? Fed chair says US debt is ‘on unsustainable path’” Auto industry is still a boys’club at the top despite GM CEO Mary Banas success.
The concept of retirement is evolving, “said Christine Russell senior manager of retiremail al TD
Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retiieineiil.”
One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of thepopulation 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3. 2% fom the prior year, according to the U.S. Census .Bureau. That's also up 30.2% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U. S workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workfbice in Febraaiy, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.
Because of longer life spans, Amaicans are also boosting their savings to preserve theii nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed which surveyed 2, (XX) adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 ^“unretires”^, are increasing their savings in anticipalion of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insuiance or maximizing theii contributions lo retiremenl accounts. Seniors are living longer, but planning for the extended years is key.
Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retiiemeni are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-fbimder al Baltimore-based fmancial-phnning finn Facet Wealth. He suggested thai preretiree should speak with a financial adviser loSet long-term financial goals.
"The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring”,Weiss said, "It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire"

26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that

over half of the retirees are physically fit for work
the old workforce is as active as the younger one
one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement
more Americans aie willing to work in retirement

27.lt can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that

retiremenL may cause problems for them
boredom can be relieved after retiremem
the mental, health of retirees is overlooked
^,punreliremeiit" conti ibules to the economy

Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .

labor shortage
population growth
longer life expectancy
rising living costs

Many retires are increasing their savings by

investing more in stocks
taking up odd jobs
getting well-paid wotk
spending less

With regard to retiiemcnl, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are _

unprepared
unafraid
disappointed
enthusiastic

text 3
We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was Later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intenlionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.

First corned m 2010 by user experience expert Hany Brignull, "daik pattems" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to "roach motel," where a user experience seems easy and inruitive at the start, bin turns difficult when the user tries to gel out.
In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still cot well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.
Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/irser experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible fbr sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception."
Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to adress the ambiguity around dark pattems, most recently at the stale leveL In March, the California Attomey General announced the approval of additional regulations under the Califbmia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that Mensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. The regulations aim to ban dark patterns - this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to dick through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out."
As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, bu! also to industry best practices and standards.

It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns

improve user experiences
leak user information for profit
undermine users' decision-making
remind users of hidden costs

The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show .

their major flaws
theii complex designs
Lhesi severe damage
their strong presence

To kandle digital decepti皿 businesses should 一

listen to customer feedback

talk mith relevant learns

tum to independem agencies

rely on professional training

The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to .

guide users thiough opt-out processes
protect consumers from being tricked
grant companies data privacy righis
restrict access to problematic content

According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is

new legal requirements
businesses’self-discipline
strict regulatory standards
consumers' safety awareness

Text 4
Although ethics classes are commoh around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
Hie researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat They chose this particular beha\*ior fbr three reasons, according to study co-author Eric SchwitzgebeL, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literatuie largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and finial suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-fermed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester - nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.
Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent - and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
"That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intenreniion, “Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence — classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants' eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile. Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.
36.Scientists generally believe thal the effects of ethics classes are

hard to detenmne

narrowly interpreted

difficull to ignore

poorfy summarized

37-Which of the foltowing is a reason for the researchers to study meat ealing?

It is common among student.
It is a behavior easy to measure.

It is importanl to students’health.
It is a hot topic in ethics classes.

Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors

are seldom critical of their student ⁱ
are less sociable than other professors

are not sensitive to political issues
are not necessarily elhically better

Nina Stroinumger thinks thal the effect of the intervention is

permanent
predictable

uncertain

uniepealable

40一Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students⁵ change in behavior

can bring psychological benefits
can be analyzed stalistically
is a result of multiple facials
is a sign of self-development

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G fbr each numbered paragraphs (41-45) There are two extra subheadings which you do not need touse. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Make it a habit
Don’t go it alone
Start low, go slow
Talk with your doctor

         Listen to your body
         Go through the motions
         Round out your routine

How to Get Active Again
Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-Limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start And ifs important to gel the right dose of activity. "Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,”says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies will help you retum to exercise safely after a break

Don't try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells fbr three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 leps. Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. "This isn't something you can do ovemight” say Keri L. Denay, MD, lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages American to not overlook the benefits of activity duiing the pandemic. But you will reap benefits such as anxiety and improve sleep right away.

If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immedialely.

Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina. Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami HospitaL All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a woikoul on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.

Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you’re hitting the ball, Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can gel out there again.

Exercising with others "can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you^e more likely to do it again,^ Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around youi neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you stiength tram oi stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
Section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text ftom English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as oiiginally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.
Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and in time (often through repeated error) to realise that when one door closes and, another opens.You quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and this means thinking outside the box will become second nature to the painter.
In fart, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.
尽管我们尽全力，但有时我们的画作很少能呈现出最初计划的那样，但是有时我们的画卷很少会像原来计划的那样。光线变化/光线的改变，绘画材料的限制，经验不足以及技术的缺乏，这些都意味着你有时最开始尝试去实现的事情，可能不会以你期待的方式来到你的生命里。
尽管这令人失望挫败，但事实证明其实与你有益。出乎意料的结果有两大好处∶ 你很快学会如何应对失望的情绪，意识到当一扇门关闭的同时，还会有其他门打开。你还能迅速了解如何适应并针对现行画作研究出有创造力的解决方案。因此用标新立异的思考/跳出固定思维/跳出固有思维模式会成为你的第二特质。
事实上，在日常生活中，用创新的思路能有效解决问题/创造性的问题解决技能在日常生活中非常有用，这意味着当问题出现时，你更有可能快速想出解决方案。

Section IV Writing
Part A

Directions:

Suppose you are planning a campus food festival. Write an e-mail to the intemational students in your university to

introduce the food festival, and
invite them to participate.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the emaiL Use ^wLi Ming" instead. (l0points)
Part B

Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write abom 150 words on lheANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

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